Uma análise do fenómeno MOOC, a partir de um exemplo concreto: o MOOC Lisboa e o mar: uma história de chegadas e partidas.
MOOC: contexto histórico
O termo MOOC terá surgido pela primeira vez em 2008, associado a um curso desenhado por George Siemens, Stephen Downes e Dave Cormier na Universidade de Manitoba, Canadá (Cormier, 2008). O curso em causa foi oferecido em modo presencial pago e, em simultâneo, foi disponibilizado online gratuitamente, tendo atraído mais de 2000 estudantes (Bates, 2015).
Os MOOCs começaram a ganhar maior notoriedade em 2011, quando dois professores da Universidade de Standford, Sebastian Thrun e Peter Norvig, lançaram online o seu curso Introduction to Artifitial Intelligence, tendo atraído mais de 160.000 inscritos. Esta experiência levou Thrun a fundar a Udacity, uma das primeiras startup nesta área. No ano seguinte, Andrew Ng e Daphne Koller, também professores em Standford, fundaram uma organização semelhante, a Coursera. As universidades tradicionais começam a reagir a este fenómeno, criando iniciativas como a edX, uma parceria entre o MIT e Harvard (Bates, 2015).
É importante notar que estes desenvolvimentos ocorreram tendo por pano de fundo a ameaça de inovação disruptiva (Christensen , Raynor, & McDonald, 2015) que pairava sobre um número crescente de sectores económicos. Em 2011, Marc Andreessen, pioneiro dos navegadores Internet e cofundador de uma influente empresa de capital de risco, escreveu um artigo sintomaticamente intitulado Why software is eating the world (Andreessen, 2011), no qual listava um vasto conjunto de indústrias que estavam a ser radicalmente transformadas pelo software. Neste artigo, Andreessen previa ainda que a saúde e a educação seriam os próximos setores a ser revolucionados:
Health care and education, in my view, are next up for fundamental software-based transformation. My venture capital firm is backing aggressive start-ups in both of these gigantic and critical industries. We believe both of these industries, which historically have been highly resistant to entrepreneurial change, are primed for tipping by great new software-centric entrepreneurs. (Andreessen, 2011)
Face a este cenário de disrupção iminente, com os custos do ensino superior a crescerem continuamente, nomeadamente nos EUA, e com o endividamento estudantil neste país a atingir níveis sem precedentes (Harden, 2012), não surpreende que os MOOC tenham atraído grande atenção. O New York Times proclamou 2012 como O ano dos MOOC (Pappano, 2012). Thomas Friedman anunciava a revolução iminente (Friedman, 2012). Daphne Koller afirmava que o objetivo da Coursera seria nada menos que «to take the best courses from the best instructors at the best universities and provide it to everyone around the world for free» (Koller, 2012). Clay Shirky sugeria que os MOOC e a Udacity fariam ao sector da educação o que o MP3 e o Napster fizeram à indústria da música (Shirky, 2012). E a investigação académica em torno do tema começou igualmente a ganhar expressão (Liyanagunawardena, Adams, & Williams, 2013).
Volvido este tempo, pode dizer-se que muitas das promessas associadas ao advento dos MOOC ficaram por cumprir (Watters, 2015; Pasquale, 2015). As startups mais mediáticas, pelo menos, parecem ter abandonado a promessa de proporcionarem educação de qualidade e gratuita para se focarem em conteúdos mais virados para o corporate training e para a promoção da empregabilidade[1]. É aliás interessante notar que estas organizações, ao invés de “devorarem” o ensino tradicional, parecem estar a aproximar-se deste, quer através das parcerias que constroem com universidades, quer incluindo, nas suas práticas pedagógicas, elementos da escola tradicional, nomeadamente o ensino face-a-face (como mostra a iniciativa Udacity Connect, recentemente lançada por esta organização[2]).
Se a revolução anunciada não se concretizou, pelo menos por enquanto, os MOOC continuam a ser um fenómeno com uma expressão significativa. Segundo a base de dados do portal Open Education Europa, foram criados entre 2012 e 2015 mais de 1600 MOOC, numa tendência crescente. Mas, além desta expressão quantitativa, os MOOC continuam a apresentar um interesse incontestável, quer por via da qualidade de muitos dos conteúdos que disponibilizam de forma aberta, quer por se constituírem como verdadeiros laboratórios de experimentação pedagógica.
Vários tipos de MOOCs
Os MOOCs são hoje um panorama tão variado que é questionável usar um termo único para cobrir toda esta variedade. Uma distinção possível foi proposta por S. Downes e distingue os cMOOC dos xMOOC:
Enquanto os cMOOC são de natureza conectivista e entendem o conceito de “aberto” tal como este foi definido no campo da educação aberta (…) os xMOOC seguem uma abordagem mais tradicional da aprendizagem e entendem “aberto” sobretudo como um sinónimo de “gratuito” (embora até esta noção possa vir a alterar-se num futuro próximo) (Teixeira, Mota, Morgado, & Spliker, 2015)
Como refere George Siemens, «cMOOCs focus on knowledge creation and generation whereas xMOOCs focus on knowledge duplication». (Siemens, 2012, sublinhado nosso). Ou seja, os cMOOC assentam numa pedagogia essencialmente construtivista / connectivista, centrada no estudante e nas redes de aprendizagem, e os xMOOC numa pedagogia mais behaviourista, centrada fundamentalmente nos conteúdos (Anderson & Dron, 2011; Bates, 2012).
Recentemente, a Universidade Aberta propôs o seu próprio modelo de MOOC, que designa como iMOOC, devido à enfase colocada na «responsabilidade individual, na interação, no relacionamento interpessoal, na inovação e na inclusão» (Teixeira, Mota, Morgado, & Spliker, 2015). O modelo iMOOC está a ser aplicado no contexto de dois projetos europeus: o projeto ECO e o projeto EMMA. Tivemos ocasião de participar num MOOC oferecido no contexto deste último projeto, e dele falamos de seguida.
Lisboa e o Mar: Uma história de chegadas e partidas
Neste MOOC podemos observar um conjunto de características que interessa notar à luz dos comentários anteriores. Aqui estão as que nos parecem mais relevantes.
Duração: À semelhança de muitos MOOC, Lisboa e o Mar tem uma duração pré-determinada. A edição que frequentámos teve início em 28 de março e prevê uma duração de 5 semanas. O estudante sabe, assim, que tem uma janela de tempo definida à partida, devendo organizar a sua disponibilidade em função da mesma. Nem sempre os MOOC funcionam desta forma. Os cursos disponibilizados pela Code Academy[4], por exemplo, não têm uma duração pré-estabelecida. Após o registo no site, cada estudante pode iniciar um determinado percurso e retomá-lo em qualquer altura. Este modelo aplica-se essencialmente a cursos que não requeiram tutoria, e nos quais se considera, portanto, que os estudantes podem iniciar o seu processo de aprendizagem de forma totalmente autónoma.
Ambientação e tutoria: Um dos traços que o modelo iMOOC está a aprofundar é a construção de um modelo de ambientação, que permita aos estudantes familiarizarem-se com a plataforma onde decorre o curso, com o percurso pedagógico e com as ferramentas disponíveis (Teixeira, Mota, Morgado, & Spliker, 2015). No caso do curso Lisboa e o mar, este módulo foi estruturado em torno de um conjunto de atividades concretas que cada estudante deveria realizar, incluindo a atualização do seu perfil de curso e a familiarização com as ferramentas de comunicação da plataforma. O curso prevê ainda a existência de facilitadores que possam responder a dúvidas concretas dos estudantes e que promovam a dinâmica de todo o processo, o que, num curso com estas características (ver ponto seguinte) é um aspeto de crucial importância.
Pedagogia: Se pensarmos na classificação cMOOC e xMOOC não como uma dicotomia mas como pólos de uma linha de continuidade, podemos afirmar que o Lisboa e o mar está claramente mais próximo dos cMOOC. Como referem os materiais do curso: «Num curso deste tipo, cabe ao participante decidir o que pretende aprender. Por isso, caso entenda, não é suposto realizar todas as atividades propostas (…) Existe uma diversidade de opções que visam ir ao encontro de diferentes necessidades, interesses e motivações de cada participante». Noutro ponto, é enfatizada a importância da contribuição individual para a dinâmica do coletivo: «Os participantes são responsáveis não apenas pela sua própria aprendizagem mas também de contribuir para uma dinâmica comunidade de aprendizagem.»
Nestes pontos são visíveis os princípios em que assentam as abordagens cMOOC e iMOOC, nomeadamente a aprendizagem centrada no estudante e a importância das redes de aprendizagem. O facto de cada estudante ter liberdade para decidir o que quer aprender é também interessante por mostrar que as taxas de completação dos MOOC – um tema em que assentam muitas das críticas a este cursos – poderão não ser a métrica mais adequada para avaliar o sucesso destas experiências (Clark, 2016). Para muitos participantes nestes eventos, o objetivo não é obter uma creditação formal, mas sim obter, de forma expedita e flexível, conhecimentos sobre um tema que lhes interessa.
Mecanismos de certificação: Nos MOOC, a certificação é frequentemente opcional e paga. Ou seja, muitos MOOCs funcionam num modelo segundo o qual o acesso aos conteúdos é aberto e gratuito, mas a obtenção de certificação é paga[5]. No caso concreto de Lisboa e o mar, a certificação desdobra-se em duas modalidades: um Certificado de completação, que é grátis mas implica a realização de algumas das atividades previstas no curso; e um Certificado formal, que é pago e que implica, além das atividades necessárias para o Certificado de completação, a realização de uma prova presencial.
A existência destas modalidades insere-se num dos objetivos declarados do modelo iMOOC: facilitar a transição entre o formal e o não-formal. De resto, este tema da certificação, isto é, a capacidade de os MOOC gerarem certificados credíveis e aceites de forma generalizada, parece ser um tema essencial na evolução dos MOOC, e alguns sugerem mesmo que é aqui que reside o verdadeiro potencial revolucionário deste modelo no contexto do ensino superior (Carey, 2015; Carey, 2012)
Em suma
O ensino e formação a distância estão longe de ser um fenómeno recente, mas a escala a que os MOOC operam, combinada com a emergência das chamadas redes sociais, com o alargamento do acesso à internet de banda larga e com a proliferação dos dispositivos móveis, proporcionam um novo e fascinante terreno de experimentação, cujo potencial talvez só agora possa começar a ser verdadeiramente explorado (Sutherland, 2016). É cedo para dizer de que forma irão coexistir os modelos de ensino tradicionais e os modelos “disruptivos”. No entanto, da mesma forma que a adoção da formação a distância numa organização não exclui outras modalidades formativas, também os MOOC poderão vir a assumir um papel complementar do ensino tradicional, alargando o portefólio de escolhas dos estudantes e indo ao encontro de necessidades às quais o ensino tradicional tenha maior dificuldade em responder.
Referências
Anderson , T., & Dron, J. (Março de 2011). Three Generations of Distance Education Pedagogy. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 12(3). Obtido em 24 de Abril de 2016, de http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/890/1663
Andreessen, M. (20 de Agosto de 2011). Why software is eating the world. Wall Street Journal. Obtido em 24 de Abril de 2016 de: http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903480904576512250915629460
Bates, T. (5 de Agosto de 2012). What’s right and what’s wrong about Coursera-style MOOCs. Obtido em 24 de Abril de 2016, de http://www.tonybates.ca/2012/08/05/whats-right-and-whats-wrong-about-coursera-style-moocs/
Bates, T. (2015). Chapter 5: MOOCs. Em T. Bates, Teaching in a Digital Age. Obtido de https://opentextbc.ca/teachinginadigitalage/
Carey, K. (Set/Out de 2012). The Siege of Academe. Washington Monthly. Obtido em 24 de Abril de 2016, de http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/septemberoctober_2012/features/_its_three_oclock_in039373.php?page=all#
Carey, K. (Março de 2015). Here’s What Will Truly Change Higher Education: Online Degrees That Are Seen as Official. The New York Times. Obtido em 24 de Abril de 2016, de http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/08/upshot/true-reform-in-higher-education-when-online-degrees-are-seen-as-official.html?_r=1&abt=0002&abg=0
Chafkin, M. (2013). Udacity’s Sebastian Thrun, Godfather Of Free Online Education, Changes Course. Obtido em 24 de Abril de 2016, de http://www.fastcompany.com/3021473/udacity-sebastian-thrun-uphill-climb
Christensen , C. M., Raynor, M. E., & McDonald, R. (Dezembro de 2015). What Is Disruptive Innovation? Harvard Business Review. Obtido em 24 de Abril de 2016, de https://hbr.org/2015/12/what-is-disruptive-innovation
Clark, D. (17 de Fevereiro de 2016). MOOCs: course completion is wrong measure. Obtido em 24 de Abril de 2016, de Donald Clark Plan B: http://donaldclarkplanb.blogspot.pt/2016/02/moocs-course-completion-is-wrong-measure.html
Cormier, D. (02 de 10 de 2008). The CCK08 MOOC – Connectivism course, 1/4 way. Obtido em 24 de Abril de 2016, de http://davecormier.com/edblog/2008/10/02/the-cck08-mooc-connectivism-course-14-way/
Friedman, T. (15 de Maio de 2012). Come the Revolution. The New York Times. Obtido em 24 de Abril de 2016, de http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/16/opinion/friedman-come-the-revolution.html?_r=0
Harden, N. (11 de Dezembro de 2012). The End of the University as We Know It. The American Interest, 8(3). Obtido em 24 de Abril de 2016, de http://www.the-american-interest.com/2012/12/11/the-end-of-the-university-as-we-know-it/
Koller, D. (Junho de 2012). Daphne Koller: What we’re learning from online education. Obtido em 24 de Abril de 2016, de http://www.ted.com/talks/daphne_koller_what_we_re_learning_from_online_education/transcript?language=en#t-205718
Liyanagunawardena, T. R., Adams, A. A., & Williams, S. A. (Julho de 2013). MOOCs: A Systematic Study of the Published Literature 2008-2012. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 13(3). Obtido em 24 de Abril de 2016, de http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/1455/2602
Pappano, L. (2 de Novembro de 2012). The Year of the MOOC. The New York Times. Obtido em 24 de Abril de 2016, de http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/04/education/edlife/massive-open-online-courses-are-multiplying-at-a-rapid-pace.html?_r=0
Pasquale, F. (12 de Novembro de 2015). The University of Nowhere: The False Promise of “Disruption”. Los Angeles Review of Books. Obtido em 24 de Abril de 2016, de https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/the-university-of-nowhere-the-false-promise-of-disruption/
Shirky, C. (12 de Novembro de 2012). Napster, Udacity, and the Academy. Obtido em 24 de Abril de 2016, de http://www.shirky.com/weblog/2012/11/napster-udacity-and-the-academy/
Siemens, G. (25 de Julho de 2012). MOOCs are really a platform. Obtido em 24 de Abril de 2016, de http://www.elearnspace.org/blog/2012/07/25/moocs-are-really-a-platform/
Sutherland, S. (17 de janeiro de 2016). 10 things we’re really learning about MOOCs. Obtido em 24 de Abril de 2016, de http://www.stuartsutherland.com/2016/01/17/10-things-were-really-learning-about-moocs/
Teixeira, A., Mota, J., Morgado, L., & Spliker, M. J. (jan-jun de 2015). Educação, Formação & Tecnologias, 8(1), 4-12. Obtido em 04 de Abril de 2016, de http://eft.educom.pt/index.php/eft/article/view/465
Watters, A. (3 de Dezembro de 2012). Top Ed-Tech Trends of 2012: MOOCs. Obtido em 24 de Abril de 2016, de http://hackeducation.com/2012/12/03/top-ed-tech-trends-of-2012-moocs
Watters, A. (23 de Agosto de 2015). The MOOC revolution that wasn’t. The Kernel. Obtido em 24 de Abril de 2016, de http://kernelmag.dailydot.com/issue-sections/headline-story/14046/mooc-revolution-uber-for-education/
[1] Numa entrevista à Fast Company, Thrun assume esta viragem estratégica de forma bastante clara: «At the end of the day, the true value proposition of education is employment. Why not give industry a voice?» (Chafkin, 2013)
[2] Ver https://www.udacity.com/uconnect
[3] De referir, contudo, que mais de metade destes MOOCs foram criados em Espanha e no Reino Unido. Estes dois países, mais a Alemanha e França, originaram cerca de 80% dos MOOCs nesta base de dados.Ver http://openeducationeuropa.eu/sites/default/files/scoreboard/oee_all_moocs.xls
[4] Ver https://www.codecademy.com/learn
[5] Parece, no entanto, estar a formar-se uma tendência, mormente no contexto dos xMOOC, no sentido de a certificação estar incluída, sendo portanto a frequência do curso paga desde o início.
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